Optical Spectra of Beryl, Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈

1923

• Wild GO, Liesegang RE (1923) The color of amethysts and beryls. Centr. Mineral. Geol. (1923), 737-40. 

1950s

• Mukherjee B (1951) Color of beryl. Nature 167, 602. 
• Ristic S, Eichoff HJ (1955) Les spectres d’absorption et réflexion de quelques variétés de béryls synthêtiques et naturels [Absorption and reflection spectra of some synthetic and natural varieties of beryl]. Congrés Groupement l’Avancement des Méthods d’Analyse Spectrographiques des Produits Métallurgiques 18, 385-411. 
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Pevneva LA (1956) Absorption spectra of colored beryls and topazes. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR (1956), (No. 12), 85-92.  In Russian 
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1958) The color of idiochromatic minerals.  Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 87, 129-150. (in Russian)

• Dvir M, Low W (1960) Paramagnetic resonance and optical spectrum of iron in beryl. Physics Review 119, 1587-1591.
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Brilliantov NA, Sviridova RK, Sukhanova ON, Kapitonova MM (1962) Absorption spectra of iron-colored beryls at temperatures from 290 to l.7ºK. Optics and Spectroscopy 13, 133-134.
• Adrian H (1963) Beryls and tourmalines. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 19, 83-85. (in German.)
• Emelyanova EN, Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Boksha ON, Varina TM. (1965) Artificial beryls containing V, Mn, Co, and Ni.  Kristallografiya 10, 59-62. (in Russian)  
• Taylor AM. (1967) Synthetic vanadium emerald Austrialian Gemmologist 75, 10-13. 
• Nassau K, Wood DL (1968) An examination of red beryl from Utah. Amer Mineral 53, 801-806.
• Wood DL, Nassau K (1968) The characterization of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist 53, 777-800.

• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1970) Optical absorption spectrum of iron in beryl. Spectrochim Acta 26A, 2230-2234 
• Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Dunin-Barkoviskii RL (1971) Nature of the coloring in iron-containing beryl. Soviet Physics Crystallography 16, 147–150. 
• Beckwith PJ, Troup GJ (1973) The optical and infrared absorption of V³⁺ in beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈). Physica Status Solidi (a) 16, 181-186.
• Platonov AN, Tarashchan AN (1973) Optical spectroscopy of vanadium in natural minerals. III. Absorption spectra of vanadium(4+) and vanadium(3+) complexes. Konstitutsiya i Svoistva Mineralov 7, 75-81. In Russian
• Nassau K (1974) The effect of gamma rays on the colour of beryl, smoky quartz, amethyst and topaz. Lapidary Journal 28, 20-40.
• Schmetzer K, Berdensinski W, Bank H (1974) Über die Mineralart Beryll, ihre Farben und Absorptionsspektren. Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges. 23, 5-39.
• Schmetzer K, Eysel HH (1974) Absorption and emission spectra of vanadium(II)-vanadium(III)-doped beryls. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil A:  Astrophysik, Physik und Physikalische Chemie 29, 1458-1460.  
• Schmetzer K, Berdensinski W, Bank H (1975): Farbverflnderungen von Edelsteinen der Beryllgruppe. Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges. 24, 81-87. 
• Nassau K, Prescott BE, Wood DL (1976) The deep bue Mzxixe-type color center in beryl. American Mineralogist 61, 100-107.
• Price DC, Vance ER, Smith G, Edgar A, Dickson BL (1976)  Moessbauer effect studies of beryl. Journal de Physique, Colloque  (1976), 811-817. 
• Edgar A, Vance ER (1977) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Optical Absorption, and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Studies of the Molecular CO₃^- Ion in Irradiated Natural Beryl. Physics and Chemisty of Minerals 1, 165-178.
• Parkin KM, Loeffler BM, Burns RG (1977) Mossbauer Spectra of Kyanite, Aquamarine,
  and Cordierite Showing Intervalence Charge Transfer. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 1, 301-311.
• Goldman DS, Rossman GR, Parkin KM (1978) Channel constituents in beryl. Phys Chem Minerals 3, 225-235.
• Platonov AN, Dorfman MD, Taran MN, Taraschan AN (1978) Spectroscopic investigation of emeralds from various deposites. Konstitutsiya i Svoistva Mineralov 12, 115-121 (in Russian)
• Platonov AN, Taran MN, Minko OE, Polshyn EV (1978) Optical absorption spectra and nature of color of iron-containing beryls (A) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 4, 87-88.
• Ripinen OI, Solntsev VP, Lokhova GG, Bukin GV, Veis NS (1978) Effect of iron and chromium ions on the color of beryls.Trudy Zapadno-Sibirskogo Otdeleniya, Vsesoyuznoe Mineralogicheskoe Obshchestvo 7. 145-154.(in Russina) .
• Taran MN, Platonov AN, Kalinichenko AM, Povarennykh AS (1978) Investigation of Nature of Color of Heliodors from Transbaikal Area. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi Rsr Seriya B-Geologichni Khimichni Ta Biologichni Nauki 5, 415-419. (in Ukranian)
  
• Marfunin AS (1970) Spectroscopy, Luminescence and Radiation Centres in Minerals, Springer, Berlin, 1979.
• Platonov AN, Polshin EV, Taran MN (1979) On types of iron in beryls. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 6, 725-730 (in Russian)
• Platonov AN, Shuriga TN, Ginsburg AI, Polshin EV, Taran MN (1979) On an example of evolution of colouration of beryls in a process of formation of the deposit. Konstitutsiya i Svoistva Mineralov 13, 32-41 (in Russian) 
• Platonov AN, Taran MN, Polshin EV, Minko OE (1979) On nature of colour of iron-bearing beryls. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geologicheskaya 10, 54-68 (in Russian)
• Taran MN, Platonov AN, Mikhailov MA, Demina TV (1979) Isomorphism of chromium in ring silicates (according to spectroscopic data). Konstitutsiya i Svoistva Mineralov 13, 41-45. In Russian

• Parkin KM, Burns RG (1980) High temperature crystal field spetra of transition metal-bearing minerals: Relevance to remote-sensed spetra of planetary surfaces. Proceedings Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 115th, 731-755.
• Shul'gin BV, Vasilenko MV, Kruzhalov AB, Loskavenkov AF, Mitrofanov AS (1980) Models of the electronic structure of some impurity defects in beryl. SPSTL Deposited Doc. 864 khp-D80, 32 pp. in Russian
• Bukin GV, Lokhova GG, Ripinen OI, Veis NS (1981) Effect of isomorphous impurities on color characteristics of beryls. Issled. Fiz. Svoistv i Sostava Sintet. Mineralov i Monokristallov, Novosibirsk 1981, 20-28. (in Russian) 
• Lokhova GG, Ripinen OI, Bukin GV, Veis NS (1981) Analysis of the effect of the quality of beryl specimens being studied on color characteristics. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki (Novosibirsk) 499, 89-92. in Russian.  
• Schmetzer K, Bank H (1981) An unusual pleochroism in zambian emeralds. J Gemmology 17, 443-446.
• Solntsev, V.P., 1981b. Absorption spectra and EPR of trace impurities in beryllium-containing minerals and their relation to specimen color. Issled. Fiz.
  Svoistv i Sostova Sintet. Mineralov i Monokristallov, Novosibirsk 1981, 37-47 (in Russian)
• Solntsev VP, Kharchenko EI, Lebedev AS, Klyakhim VA, Il'in AG (1981) Nature of color centers and EPR of a manganese-activated beryl. Zhurnal Priklandnoj Spektroskopii 34, 114-149 (in Russian) [Trans: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 34:111-115] 
• Blak AR, Isotani S, Watanabe S (1982) Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 8, 161-166.
• Blak AR, Isotani S, Watanabe S (1982) Optical Absorption and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Colorless and Pink Beryl. Revista Brasileira de Física 12, NP 2, 285-292.
• Blak AR, Isotani S, Watanabe S (1983) Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl: a reply. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 9, 279-80
  
• Lebedev AS, Ilyin AG, Klyakhin VA (1982) Hydrothermally grown beryls of gem quality. Morphology and Phase Equlibria of Minerals. International Mineralogical Association meeting, 2, 403-405 (in Russian).
• Lebedev AS, Ilyin AG, Klyakhin VA (1983) Variétés de béryl "gemme" hydrothermal. Revue de Gemmologie a.f.g 76, 4-5. 
• Platonov AN, Taran MN, Balitsky vS (1984): The nature of gemstones colour. Moscow, Nedra (in Russian).
• Schmetzer K. (1982) Absorptionsspektren und Farben Vanadium- und Chromhaltiger Minerale. Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges. 31, 125-130.
• Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe von V³⁺-haltigen natürlichen Oxiden und Silikaten – ein Beitrag zur Kristallchemie des Vanadiums. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 144(1), 73-106  
• Shigley JE, Foord EE (1984) Gem-quality red beryl from the Wah Wah Mountains, Utah. Gems & Gemology 20, 208-221.
• Dias OL  (1983)  Optical absorption in irradiated natural beryl. INIS  Report IFUSP-P-436,  20 p. From: INIS Atomindex 1985, 16(3), Abstr. No. 16:007884 
• Bakhtin AI, (1985) Rock-Forming Silicates: Optical Spectra, Crystal Chemistry, Coloration, Typomorphism, Kazan State University Press, Kazan, 1985 (in Russian).
• Solntsev VP, Bukin GV, Lokhova GG, Veis NS (1985) EPR and optical absorption spectra of iron-containing beryls. Trudy Instituta Geologii I Geofiziki (Novosibirsk) 610, 128-134 (in Russian) 
• Kennedy SJ (1986) Seiko synthetic emerald. Journal of Gemmology 20, 14-17.
• Lind T, Schmetzer K, Bank H (1986) Blue and green beryuls (aquamarines and emeralds) of gem quality from Nigeria. Journal of Gemmology 20, 40-48.
• Ghera A. Lucchesi S (1987) An unusual vanadium-beryl from Kenya. N Jb. Miner. Mh. 1987, 263-274.
• Scarratt K (1987) Notes from the Laboratory - 11. Journal of Gemmology 20, 406-422.
• Scarratt K (1987) Notes from the Laboratory - 12. Journal of Gemmology 20, 131-139.
• Fritsch E, Rossman GR (1988) An update on color in gems. Part 2: colors involving multiple atoms and color centers. Gems & Gemology 24, 3–15.
• Isotani S, Albuquerque ARPL, Dias OL, Furtado WW (1988) Optical absorption in irradiated natural beryl. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 60, 393-398.
• Rossman GR (1988) Optical spectroscopy. In: Hawthorne, F.C. (Ed.), Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 18. Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology. Mineralogical Society of America, 207-254.
• Schmetzer K (1988) Characterization of Russian hydrothermally-grown synthetic emeralds. Journal of Gemmology 21, 145-164. 
• Schrader HW (1988) Violet emeralds? Journal of Gemmology 21, 237-251.
• Evdokimova OA, Belokoneva EL, Artemenko VV, Dubovskaya VM, Urusov VS (1989) Location of impurity cations in synthetic cobalt- and copper-containing beryls according to precisional x-ray structural analysis, EPR and optical spectroscopy data. Kristallografiya 34, 723-30. (in Russian)
• Gübelin EJ (1989) Gemological characteristics of Pakistani emeralds. In: Kazmi AH & Snee LW (eds) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geollogy, Gemology and Genesis. Springer, NY, NY, 75-92.
  
• Isotani S, Furtado WW, Antonini R, Dias OL (1989) Line-shape and thermal kinetics analysis of the iron ion(2+) band in Brazilian green beryl. American Mineralogist 74, 432-438
• Platonov AN, Taran MN, Klyakhin VA (1989) On two colour types of Mn³⁺-bearing beryls. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 38, 147-154.
• Taran MN, Klyakhin VA,  Platonov AN, Pol'shin EV, Indutnyi VV (1989) Optical spectra of natural and artificial iron-containing beryls at 77-297 K. Kristallografiya 34, 1470-1474. ( in Russian) Translation: Soviet Physics Crystallography 34, 882-884.

• Rink WJ, Gielisse PJ, Plendl HS (1990) Coloration in electron-irradiated beryl. Journal of Gemmology 22, 33-37.
• Sanders IS, Doff DH (1991) A blue sodic beryl from souotheast Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine 55, 167-172.
• Wang T, Li B (1991) Radiation-induced color change of beryl from Altay Xinjiang.  Fushe Yanjiu Yu Fushe Gongyi Xuebao 9, 126-128. in Chinese. 
• Blak AR, McKeever SWS (1993) Optical Absorption and Thermoluminescence in Natural Beryl.  Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, 95-98.   
• Taran MN, Langer K, Platonov AN, Indutny VV. (1994) Optical Absorption Investigation of Cr³⁺ Ion-Bearing Minerals in the Temperature Range 77-797 K. Phys Chem Minerals 21, 360-372.  
• Nassau K (1996) On the identification and fade testing of Maxixe beryl, golden beryl and green aquamarine. Journal of Gemmology 25, 108-115. 
• Schwarz D, Kanis J, Kinnaird J (1996) Emerald and green beryl from Central Nigeria. J Gemmology 25, 117-141. 
• Solntsev VP, Bukin GV (1997) The color of natural beryls from rare-metal Mozambique pegmatites. Geologiya i Geofizika  38, 1625-1631. [Trans: Russian Geol Geophys 38:1661-1668] 
• Mathew G, Karanth RV, Rao TKG, Deshpande RS (1998) Maxixe-type colour centre in natural colourless beryl from Orissa, India: an ESR and OA investigation. Journal of Gemmology 26, 238-251. 
• Henn U, Milisenda CC (1999) Synthetic red beryl from Russia. Journal of Gemmology 26, 481-486.
• Li X, Yuan K (1999) Mechanism of color variation of iron-containing beryl. Kuangwu Yanshi 19, 1-4. (in Chinese)

• Mathew G, Karanth RV, Rao, TKG, Deshpande RS (2000) Colouration in natural beryls: A spectroscopic investigation. Journal of the Geological Society of India 56, 285-303. 
• Gaite JM, Izotov VV, Nikitin SI, Prosvirnin SY (2001) EPR and Optical Spectroscopy of Impurities in Two Synthetic Beryls. Applied Magnetic Resonance 20, 307-315.
• Paralusz S (2001) Maxixe-type green-blue beryls with eye-visible pleochroism. Gems and Gemology 37, 225-227.
• Qi L, Ye S, Xiang C, Pei J, Luo Y (2001) Color center and coloring mechanism of irradiated beryl. Dizhi Keji Qingbao 20, 68-72. in Chinese. 
• Taran MN, Rossman GR (2001) Optical spectra of Co²⁺ in three synthetic silicate minerals.  American Mineralogist 86, 889-895. 
• Taran MN, Rossman GR (2001) Optical spectroscopic study of tuhualite and a re-examination of the beryl, cordierite, and osumilite spectra. American Mineralogist 86, 973-980.  
• Braga GCB, Garg VK, de Oliveirar AC, Freitas JA, Kuzmann E, Garg R (2002) Optical and Mossbauer Study of Brazilian Emeralds. Phys Stat Sol (a) 184, 36-46.
• Mittani JCR, Watanabe S, Chubaci JFD, Matsuoka M, Baptista DL, Zawislak FC (2002) Gamma-Radiation effects on colourless silicates of beryl. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 191:281-284.
• Viana RR, jordt-Evangelista H, Magela da Costa G, Stern WB (2002) Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) from pegmatites of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29, 668 – 679. 
• Khaibulin RI, Lopatin ON, Vagizov FG, Bazarov VV, Bakhtin AI Khaibulin IB, Aktas B (2003) Coloration of natural beryl by iron ion implantation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 206, 277–281. 
• Lagoeiro L, Graca LM, Jagela G, Persiano AIC, Pinheiro MVB, Krambrock K (2004) Crystal chemistry of aquamarines: a case study in pegamitites hosted in migmatites from the NE of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Applies Mineralogy, Pecchio et al (eds) ICAM-BR Sao Paulo, Brazil.
• Solntsev VP, Tsvetkov EG, Alimpiev, Mashkovtsev RI (2004) Valent state and coordination of cobalt ions in beryl and chrysoberyl crystals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31, 1-11.  
• Schmetzer K, Schwarz D, Bernhardt HJ, Häger T (2006) A new type of Tairus hydrothermally grown synthetic emerald, coloured by vanadium and copper.The Journal of Gemmology 30, 59-74.
• Solntsev VP, Tsvetkov EG, Alimpiev, Mashkovtsev RI (2006) Coordination and valent state of nickel ions in beryl and chrysoberyl crystals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33, 300–313. 
• Khomenko VM, Vyshnevskyi OA, Gnelytska ZT, Kamenchuk VK (2007) Crystal chemistry of beryl from Volyn deposit on the basis of microprobe analyses, optical and IR spectroscopic data. Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 29, 26–38 (in Ukrainian)..
• Spinolo G, Fontana I, Galli A (2007) Optical absorption spectra of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in beryl crystals. phys. stat. sol. (b) 244, No. 12, 4660–4668. 
• Adamo I, Pavese A, Prosperi L, Diella V, Ajò D, Gatta GD, Smith CP (2008) Aquamarine, Maxixe-type beryl, and hydrothermal synthetic blue beryl: Analysis and identification. Gems & Gemology 44, 214–226.   
• Garcia-Lastra JM, Barriuso MT, Aramburu JA, Moreno M (2008) Microscopic origin of the different colors displayed by MgAl₂O₄:Cr³⁺ and emerald. Physical Review B 78, 085117.
• Ibragimova eM, Mukhamedshina NM, Islamov AK (2009) Correlations between Admixtures and Color Centers Created upon Irradiation of Natural Beryl Crystals. Inorganic Materials 45, 162–167.   

• Chen W, Gu H, Liu J, Wang F, Ma D, Zhu R (2010) Electrolytic coloration and spectral properties of natural beryl crystals. Physica B 405, 331-334. 
• Groat LA, Rossman GR, Dyar MD, Turner D, Piccoli PMB, Schultz AJ, Ottolinin L (2010) Crystal chemistry of dark blue aquamarine from the True Blue showing, Yukon Territory, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 48 , 597–613.
• Isotani S, Blak AR, Watanabe S (2010) UV optical absorption spectra analysis of beryl crystals from Brazil. Physica B405, 1501–1508. 
• Khomenko VM, Savchuk YeO, Vyshnevskyi OA, Dovbnya NA (2010) Influence of irradiation on state of Fe-ions in Volyn beryl. Proceedings of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society 7, 64–71.
• Platonov AN, Kupriyanova II, Taran MN (2012) Fe-bearing beryls: isomorphic series, crystal chemistry of Fe ions, optical absorption spectra and their typomorphic significance. Mineralogichnii Zhurnal 34, 81-93.  In Russian  
• Lin J, Chen N, Huang D, Pan Y (2013) Iron pairs in beryl: New insights from electron paramagnetic resonance, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. American Mineralogist 98, 1745–1753. 
• Saeseaw S, Pardieu V, Sangsawong S (2014) Three-Phase Inclusions in Emerald and Their Impact on Origin Determination. Gems & Gemology 50, 114–132. 
• Fridrichová J, Bačík P, Rusinová P, Antal P, Škoda R, Bizovská V, Miglierini M (2015)  Optical and crystal‑chemical changes in aquamarines and yellow beryls from Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam induced by heat treatment. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 42, 287–302.
• Skvortsova V, Mironova-Ulmane N, Trinkler L, Merkulov V (2015) Optical properties of natural and synthetic beryl crystals. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (2015), 77(12th Russia/CIS/Baltic/Japan Symposium on Ferroelectricity and 9th International Conference on Functional Materials and Nanotechnologies, (2014), 012034/1-012034/5.  
• Chankhantha C, Thanasuthipitak P, Kidkhunthod P (2016) Iron K-Edge Xanes Study of Heated Green Beryl from Madagascar. Walailak Journal of Science & Technology 13, 977-983. 
• Platonov AN, Khomenko VM, Taran Mn (2016) Crystal chemistry, optical spectra and color of beryl. I. Heliodor and golden beryl – two varieties of natural yellow beryl. Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 38, 3–14. (in Russian). 
• Czaja M, Lislecki R, Chrobak A, Sitko R, Mazurak (2018) The absorption- and luminescence spectra of Mn³⁺ in beryl and vesuvianite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 45, 475–488.
• Fridrichová J, Bačík P, Ertl A, Wildner M, Dekan J, Miglierini M (2018) Jahn–Teller distortion of Mn³⁺-occupied octahedra in red beryl from Utah indicated by optical spectroscopy. Jorunal of Molecular Structure 1152, 79–86. 
• Taran MN, Dyar MD, Khomenko VM (2018) Spectroscopic study of synthetic hydrothermal Fe³⁺-bearing beryl. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 45, 489–496.
• Anderson LO (2019) Comments on Beryl Colors and on Other Observations Regarding Iron-containing Beryls. Canadian Mineralogist 57, 551-556. 
• Hu Y, Lu R (2019) Unique Vanadium-Rich Emerald From Malipo, China. Gems & Gemology 55, 338–352. 
• Karampelas S, Al-Shaybani B, Mohamed F, Sangsawong S, Al-Alawi A (2019) Emeralds from the most important occurrences: Chemical and spectroscopic data. Minerals 9, 561.
• Laurs BM, Rossman GR (2019) Dark blue beryl from Pakistan. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 583-584.
• Sripoonjan T (2019) Aquamarine from Southern Ethiopia: An update. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 497-499.
• Taran MN, Vyshnevskyi OA (2019) Be, Fe²⁺- ​substitution in natural beryl: an optical absorption spectroscopy study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 46, 795-806.     

• Bunnag N, Kasri B, Setwong W, Sirisurawong E, Chotsawat M, Chirawatkul P, Saiyasombat C (2020) Study of Fe ions in aquamarine and the effect of dichroism as seen using UV–Vis, NIR and x-ray. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 177, 109107
• Cooper A, Sun Z, Hand D, Renfro N (2020) Unusual violet Maxixie beryl. Gems & Gemology 56. 439-440.
• Cui D, Liao Z, Qi L, Zhong Q, Zhou Z (2020) A Study of Emeralds from Davadar, North-Western China. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 374-392.
• Franz G, Vyshnevskyi O, Taran M, Khomenko V, Wiedenbeck M, Schiperski F, Nissen J (2020) A new emerald occurrence from Kruta Balka, Western Peri-Azovian region, Ukraine: Implications for understanding the crystal chemistry of emerald. American Mineralogist 105, 162–181.
• Guo H, Yu X, Zheng Y, Sun Z, Ng MFY (2020) Inclusion and trace element characteristics of emeralds from Swat Valley, Pakistan. Gems & Gemology 56, 336–355. 
• Hu Y, Lu R (2020) Color Characteristics of Blue to Yellow Beryl From Multiple Origins. Gems & Gemology 56, 54-65.
• Pardieu V, Sangsawong S, Cornuz L, Raynaud V, Luetrakulprawat (2020) Update on Emeralds from the Mananjary-Irondro Area, Madagcascar. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 416-425.
  
• Krzemicki MS, Wng HAO, Büche S (2021) A New Type of Emerald from Afghanistan's Panhshir Valley. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 474-495.
• Cao SQ, Dai H, Wang Cw, Yu L, Zuo R, Wang F, Guo Lq (2022) Gemolgical and Spectral Characteristics of Emeralds From Swat Valley, Pakistan. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 42, 3533-3540. (in Chinese)Gemological and Spectroscopic Characteristics of “Jedi” Spinel
  from Man Sin, MyanmarGemological and Spectroscopic Characteristics of “Jedi” Spinel
  from Man Sin, Myanmar
  
• Hanser CS, Gul B, Häger T, Botcharnikov R (2022) Emerald from the Chitral Region, Pakistan: A New Deposit. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 234-252.
• Shang Y, Guo Y, Tang J (2022) Spectroscopy and chromaticity characterization of yellow to light-blue iron-containing beryl. Scientific Reports 12, 10765.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11916-z
• Wang H, Guan Q, Liu Y, Guo Y (2022) Effects of Transition Metal Ions on the Colour of Blue-Green Beryl. Minerals 12, 86. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11916-z
• Yang YL, Shen AH, Fan YR, Huang WZ, Pei JC (2022) UV-VIS-NIR characteristics of V-rich Synthetic Emeralds. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 42, 1199 -1203. (In Chinese)
• Zellagui R (2022) Afghan Emerald with Phenomenon. The Journal of Gemology 38, 115-117.
• Andersson LO (2023) A Review of - and Proposed Explanation for - the Aquamarine (Blue to Green) and Yellow Colouration in Iron-bearing Beryl. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 752-772.
  
• Franz G, Vyshnevskyi OA, Khomenko VM, Lyckberg P, Gernert U (2023) Etch Pits in Helidor and Green Beryl From the Volyn Pegmatites, Northwest Ukraine: A Diagnostic Feature.Gems & Gemology 59, 324-339.
• Guo Y, Sun X, Zhao Y, Deng K (2023) Aquamarine with zigzag growth line inclusinos. Geme & Gemology 59, 394-395.
• Hanser CS, Hӓger T, Botcharnikov R, Stephan T, Gul B (2023) Comparison of Emeralds from the Chitral District, Pakistan, with other Pakistani and Afghan Emeralds. Journal of Gemmology 38, 561-599
• Peng L, Segers M, Yang M (2023) Emerald and Green Beryl from Shaanxi Province, China. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 648-650.
• Taran MM, Vyshnefski OA (2023) Spatial Distribution of Fe²⁺ in the tetrahedral structural position of Be²⁺ in crystals of natural beryl. Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 45, 16-31.
• Zhang C. Chen C. Li Z, Shen AH (2023) Chemical Composition and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Alexandrite Effect Apatite from the Akzhailyau Mountains of Kazakhstan. Minerals 13, 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091139
  
• Zhang Y, Yu X (2023) Spectroscopy and Trace-Element Characteristics of Emeralds from Kamakanga, Zambia. Crystals 2023, 13, 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13111605
• Karampelas S, Gaillou E, Hennebois U, Herreweghe A, Maouche F, Sainte Beuve BM, Nectoux D, Delaunay A (2024) Study of an ‘Egyptian’ Emerald from the Mineralogy Museum at the Paris School of Mines. Journal of Gemmology 39, 78-83.