Optical Spectra of Pyroxenes

Review articles

• Rossman GR (1980) Pyroxene spectroscopy. In Prewit CIT (ed) Pyroxenes. Reviews in Mineralogy 7, 93-116.
• Matsyuk SS, Platonov AN, Khomenko VM (1985) Optical absorption spectra and colour of mantle minerls in kimberites. Kiev: Nauk. Dumka Press, 1985. 248 p. (in Russian).
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1987) Porodoobrazuyushchie Pirokseny: Opticheskie Spektry, Okraska i Pleokhroizm. (Rock-Forming Pyroxenes: Optical Spectra, Color, and Pleochroism) 216 pp. Publisher: Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian)          

Clinopyroxenes               

• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Systematic variations of pyroxene absorption spectra with composition. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 77, 853-855
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN  (1981) Experimental quantitative assessment of the pleochromism of minerals (as exemplified by clinopyroxenes). Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 3, 3-11. In Russian
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN, Matsyuk SS, Kharkiv AD (1982) Colouring and pleochroism of clinopyroxenes from deep inclusions in the "Mir" kimberlite pipe. Mineral Zhurnal 4, 41-51 (in Russian).                    
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1982) Some crystal-chemical aspects of pleochroism of iron-containing clinopyroxenes. Mineral. Zh. 1982, 38-45 (in Russian).
• Taran MN, Langer K (1998) Temperature and pressure dependence of intervalence charge transfer bands in spectra of some Fe- and Fe,Ti-bearing oxhygen-based minerals. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 172, 325-346
  
• Langer K, Khomenko VM (1999) The influence of crystal field stabilization energy on Fe²⁺ partitioning in paragenetic minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137, 220-231.
• Matsyuk, S. S. (1999) Optically active centers as indicators of differentiation of the upper mantle primary material. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal  21, 20-38. (In Russian).

Acmite

• Langer K, Abu-Eid RM (1977) Measurement of the polarized absorption spectra of synthetic transition metal-bearing silicate microcrystals in the spectral range 44,000-4,000 cm^-1. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 1, 273-299.
• Khomenko VM, Pol'shin EV, Platonov AN, Buchinskaya NI (1983) Optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy of iron in pyroxenes of the acmite-​salite series. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 5, 47-60. (in Russian).
• Amthauer G, Rossman GR (1984) Mixed valence of iron in minerals with cation clusters. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 37-51.

Aegirine

• Marfunin AS, Mineeva RM, Mkrtchyan AR, Nyussik YM, Fedorov VE (1967) Optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy of iron in rock-​forming silicates. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya (1967), 86-102. (In Russian)
• Bakhtin AI, Vinokurov VM (1978) Exchange-coupled pairs of transition metal ions and their effect on the optical absorption spectra of rock-forming silicates. Geochemistry International 1979, 53-60. (translated from Geokhimiya 1, 87-95).
• Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe vokn V³⁺-haltigen natūrlichen Oxiden und Silikaten - ein Beitrag zur Kristallchemie des Vanadiuiims. N Jb Mineral Abhandlungen 144, 73-106.
• Amthauer G, Rossman GR (1984) Mixed valence of iron in minerals with cation clusters. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 37-51.

Aegirine-Augite

• Abs-Wurmbach I (1985) Polarized absorption spectra of single crystals of the chromium bearing clinopyroxenes cosmochlore and chromian aegirine augite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 152, 293-319.

Augite  

• Marfunin AS, Mineeva RM, Mkrtchyan AR, Nyussik YM, Fedorov VE (1967) Optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy of iron in rock-​forming silicates. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya (1967), 86-102. (In Russian)
• Manning PG, Nickel EH (1969) A spectral study of the origin of colour and pleochroism of a titanaugite from Kaiserstuhl and of a riebeckite from St. Peter's Dome, Colorado. Canadian Mineral 10, 71-83
• Burns RG (1970) Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Burns RG (1970) The crystal field spectra and evidence of cation ordering in olivine minerals. Amer Mineral 55, 1608-1632.
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1972) Crystal-field determinations of Fe3+. Ann Rept Geophys Lab, Yearbook, 68, 531-538. 
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1972) Crystal-field effects of iron and titanium in selected grains of Apollo 12, 14, and 15 rocks, glasses and fine fractions. Proc. Third Lunar Sci Conf, Suppl 3, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1, 545-553.
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1972) Crystal-field studies of lunar samples. Carnegie Inst of Washington Yearbook 71, 480-489.
• Cohen AJ (1972) Trace ferric ion in lunar and meteoritic titanautites. The Moon 4, 141-154 
• Burns RG, Abu-Eid RM, Huggins FE (1972) Crystal field spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Supplement 3, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1, 533-543.
• Burns RG, Vaughn DJ, Abu-Eid RM, Witner M, Morawski A (1973) Spectral evidence for chromium(3+)​, titanium(3+)​, and iron(2+) rather than chromium(2+) and iron(3+) in lunar ferromagnesian silicates. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf., 4th (1973), 1, 983-94.
• Cohen AJ (1973) Anisotropy of absorption bands in some lunar, meteorite and terrestrial pyroxenes. The Moon 7, 307-321.   
• Dowty E, Clark JR (1973) Crystal structure and optical properties of a Ti³⁺ fassaite from the Allende meteorite. Amer Mineral 58:230-242.  
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1976) Crystal-field spectra of fassaite from the Angra Dos Reis meteorite. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 75:701-705. 
• Burns RG, Parkin KM, Loeffler BM (1976) Further characterization of spectral features attributable to titanium on the moon. Proceedings Lunar science Conference 7th , 2561-2578.
• Mao HK, Bell PM, Virgo D (1977) Crystal-field spectra of fassaite from the Angra Dos Reis meteorite. Earth Planet Sci Letters 35, 352-356 
• Dowty E (1978) Absorption Optics of Low-Symmetry Crystals - Application to Titanian Clinopyroxene Spectra. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 3, 173-181.  
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Procedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 9th, 2929-2934.
• Hiroi T, Takeda H (1992) Crystal-Field Theory Calculations for Fe²⁺ Ions in Bronzite, Augite and Olivine. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19, 229-235.
• Yurchenko NG, Taran MM (2018) Optical Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Study of Pyroxenes from Fenitized Rocks of the Hernihivka Carbonatite Masif of the Azov Region. Мінерал. журн. [Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 40,53-63.

"Blandfordite"      

• Burns RG, Parkin KM, Loeffler BM, Leung IS, Abu-Eid RM (1976) Further characterization of spectral features attributable to titanium on the moon. Proc Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th , 2561-2578.
• Ghose S, Kersten M, Langer K, Rossi G, Ungaretti L (1986) Crystal field spectra and Jahn Teller effect of Mn³⁺ in clinopyroxenes and clinoamphioles from India. Phys Chem Minerals 13, 291-305. 
  
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1987) Porodoobrazuyushchie Pirokseny: Opticheskie Spektry, Okraska i Pleokhroizm. (Rock-Forming Pyroxenes: Optical Spectra, Color, and Pleochroism) 216 pp. Publisher: Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian).

Clinoferrosilite

• Ross NL, Sowerby JR (1999) High-pressure crystal-field spectra of single-crystal clinoferrosilite. European Journal of Mineralogy 11, 791-801.

Cosmoclore

• Abs-Wurmbach I (1985) Polarized absorption spectra of single crystals of the chromium bearing clinopyroxenes cosmochlore and chromian aegirine augite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 152, 293-319.
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Electronic absorption spectra of Cr3+ ions in natural clinopyroxenes. Phys Chem Minerals 11, 261-265.  
•  Langer K (1988) UV to NIR spectra of silicate minerals obtained by microscope spectrometry and their use in mineral thermodynamics and kinetics. In: Salje EKH(ed.) Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals, 639-685. D. Reidel Pub. Co.                          

Diopside

• Neuhaus A, Schilly W (1958) The absorption spectrum and co-ordination relations of crystals colored allochromatically by chromic ions. Fortschritte der Mineralogie 36, 64-5.
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Rovsha VS (1960) The color of diamond accessory minerals.Materialy Vses. Nauchn.Issled. Geol. Inst. 40, 57-64. (In Russian)
• White WB, Keester KL (1966) Optical absorption spectra of iron in the rock-forming silicates. Amer Mineral 51, 774-791.
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Boksha ON, Varina TM (1967) Absorption spectrum of chromium diopside. Kristallografiya 12, 1073.  (In Russian)  
• Marfunin AS, Mineeva RM, Mkrtchyan AR, Nyussik YM, Fedorov VE (1967) Optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy of iron in rock-​forming silicates. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya (1967), 86-102. (In Russian)
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Boksha ON, Varina TM (1968) The absorption spectrum of chrome-diopside. Soviet Phys Crystallogr 12, 935.
• White WB, McCarthy GJ, Scheetz BE (1971) Optical spectra of chromium, nickel and cobalt-containing pyroxenes. Amer Mineral 56, 72-89.
• Mao HK, Bell, PM and Dickey, JS. (1972) Comparison of the crystal-field spectra of natural and synthetic chrome diopside. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 71, 538-541.
• Cohen AJ (1973) Anisotropy of absorption bands in some lunar, meteorite and terrestrial pyroxenes. The Moon 7, 307-321.
• Boksha ON, Varina TM, Kostyuko IG (1974) Structure of the absorption spectrum of chrome-diopsides (in Russian). Kristallographya 19, 392-394.
• Ikeda K, Ohashi H (1974) Crystal field spectra of diposide-kosmochlor solid solutions formed at 15 kb pressure. J Japan Assoc Mineral Petrol Econ Geol. 69, 103-109.
• Schreiber HD (1977) On the nature of synthetic blue diopside crystals: the stabilization of tetravalent chromium. Amer Mineral 62:522-527.
• Bakhtin AI, Vinokurov VM (1978) Exchange-coupled pairs of transition metal ions and their effect on the optical absorption spectra of rock-forming silicates. Geochemistry International 1979, 53-60. (translated from Geokhimiya 1, 87-95).
• Ikeda K, Yagi K (1982) Crystal-field spectra for blue and green diposides synthesized in the join CaMgSi₂O₆-CaCrAlSiO₆. Contrib. Mineral Petrol 81, 113-118.
• Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe vokn V³⁺-haltigen natūrlichen Oxiden und Silikaten - ein Beitrag zur Kristallchemie des Vanadiuiims. N Jb Mineral Abhandlungen 144, 73-106.
• Platonov AN, Khomenko VM, Belichenko VP (1984) Optical absorption spectra of vanadium diopside; lavrovite. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 1984, 724-727. (in Russian).
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Electronic absorption spectra of Cr³⁺ ions in natural clinopyroxenes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 261-265. 
• Yuan U, Qui X, Guo W (1985) Optical absorption spectra of diopside. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 5, 154-157 (in Chinese).
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN, Steshin VA (1986) Structure and formation conditions of blue color centers in diopsides from skarns. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 115, 689-98. .in
  Russian   
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1986) Crystal chemistry of transition-metal ions in titanium-containing pyroxenes. Geokhimiya 1986, 780-6. In Russian  
  
• Taran MN (1993) Optico-Spectroscopic Study of Natural Iron-Containing Olilvine, Ortho- and Clinopyroxenes at 24-300°C. Energy of Stabilization by Crystal Field and Interposition Distribution of Fe²⁺ ions. МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ (Mineralogical Journal) 42-53. (in Russian)
• Taran MN, Langer K, Platonov AN, Indutny VV (1994) Optical absorption investigation of Cr³⁺ ion-bearing minerals in the temperature range 77-797 K. Phys Chem Minerals 21, 360-372.
• Hålenius U, Skogby H (1996) Crystal field spectra of trivalent manganese in synthetic and natural (Na⁺-Mn³⁺)-substituted diopside. Eur J Mineral 8, 1231-1240.
• Herd CDK, Peterson RC, Rossman GR (2000) Violet-colored diopside from southern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist 38, 1193-1199.
• Skogby H, Hålenius U, Kristiansson P, Ohashi M (2006) Ti-incorporation and ^VITi³⁺- Ti⁴⁺intervalence charge transfer in Na and Ti substituted diopside. Amer Mineral 91, 1794-1801  
• Taran MN, Ohashi H, Langer K, Vishnevsky AA (2010) High-pressure electronic absorption spectroscopy of natural and synthetic Cr³⁺ -bearing clinopyroxenes. Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 32, 14-26.
• Taran MN, Ohashi H (2012) Optical absorption spectroscopy study of three synthetic V³⁺-bearing clinopyroxenes. European Journal of Mineralogy 24, 823-239.
• Gori C, Tribaudino M, Mezzadri F, Skogby H, Halenius U (2018) Co²⁺-doped diopside: crystal structure and optical properties. Phyysics and Chemistry of Minerals 45, 443-461.  
• Yurchenko NG, Taran MM (2018) Optical Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Study of Pyroxenes from Fenitized Rocks of the cHernihivka Carbonatite Masif of the Azov Region. Мінерал. журн. [Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 40,53-63.
• Williams C, Williams B, Laurs BM (2020) Blue Diopside from Russia. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 124-125.
• Blumentritt F, Fritsch E (2021) Photochromism and Photochromic Gems: A Review and Some New Data (Part 1). The Journal of Gemmology 37,780-800.
• Williams C, Williams B (2021) Chrome diopside from Ethiopia. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 564-566
• Sun R, Zheng Y, Wang C, Peng Z (2023) Gemmological Characteristic and Colour Genesis of Golden Diopside. Journal of Gems & Gemmology 25,: 36-42. DOI: 10.15964/j.cnki.027jgg.2023.03.005 (in Chinese).
  

Hedenbergite   

• Marfunin AS, Mineeva RM, Mkrtchyan AR, Nyussik YM, Fedorov VE (1967) Optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy of iron in rock-​forming silicates. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya (1967), 86-102. (In Russian)
• Burns RG (1968) Crystal-​field phenomena and iron enrichments in pyroxenes and amphiboles. Proceedings General Meeting of the Interational Mineralogical Association, 5th, 170-83.     
• Burns RG (1970) Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, 1970, p92-93. 
• Pitt GD, Tozer DC (1970) Optical absorption measurements on natural and synthetic ferromagnesian minerals subjected to high pressures. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2, 179-88.  
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Systematic variations of pyroxene absorption spectra with composition. Year Book - Carnegie Institution of Washington (1978) Volume 1977, 853-5.    
• Amthauer G, Rossman GR (1984) Mixed valence of iron in minerals with cation clusters. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 37-51.   
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Optical-spectroscopic parameters of Fe2+(M2) in the enstatite-diopside-hedenbergite-ferrosilite system, Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal:7, 3-8 (in Russian).  
• Lin C, Zhu H, Wang Z, Xie H, Zhang Y, Xu H (1988) Optical absorption spectra and colors of jadeites and diopsides. Kuangwu Xuebao 8, 193-199.  In: Chinese
• Yurchenko NG, Taran MM (2018) Optical Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Study of Pyroxenes from Fenitized Rocks of the cHernihivka Carbonatite Masif of the Azov Region. Мінерал. журн. [Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 40,53-63.

Jadeite 

• White WB, McCarthy GJ,  Scheetz BE (1971) Optical spectra of chromium, nickel, and cobalt-​containing pyroxenes. American Mineralogist 56, 72-89.
• Rossman  GR (1974) Optical spectrum of iron(3+) and iron(2+) - iron(3+) intervalence charge transfer in Jadeite from Burma. American Mineralogist (1974), 59(7/8), 868-70. 
• Kiziyarov GP, Tatarinov AV, Platonov AN, Belichenko VP, Zavyalova LA (1976) First find of gem-grade jadeitite in western Sayan. Fiz. Miner. Probl. Tipomorfizma, Mater. Vses. Konf. (1976), 52-65. In Russian
• Manning PG, Owens DR (1977) Electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, and spectral studies of South African and British Columbian "jades". Canadian minerlogist 15, 512-517.
• Biziyarov GP, Tatarinov AV, Platonov AN, Belichenko VP, Zavyalova LA (1978) First find of gem-grade jadeitite in western Sayan. Geologiya i Geofizika (1978), (11), 89-101. In Russian
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Rock forming pyroxenes: optical spectra, color and pleochroism. Kiev, Naukova Dumka (in Russian)
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Electronic absorption spectra of Cr³⁺ ions iin natural clinopyroxenes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 261-5.         
• Lin C, Zhu H, Wang Z, Xie H, Zhang Y, Xu H (1988) Optical absorption spectra and colors of jadeites and diopsides. Kuangwu Xuebao 8, 193-199.  In: Chinese
• Shinno I, Oba T (1993) Absorption and photo-luminescence spectra of Ti³⁺ and Fe³⁺ in jadeites. Mineral Journal 16, 378-386.
• Harder H (1995) Trace elements as colouring agents in jadeites. Journal of Gemmology 24, 508-511.
  
• Yuan X, Qi L, Du G, Chen X (2003) UV-VIS-IR spectra of jadeite jade from Burma. Baoshi He Baoshixue Zazhi 5, 11-16.  In Chinese
  
• Liu Y, Lu T, Wang M, Chen H, Shen M, Ke J, Zhang B (2009) Identification of dyed jadeite using visible reflection spectra. Journal of Gemmology 32, 181-184.  
• He W, Wang Y, Mao J (2011)  Coloring mechanism of purple jadeite  Huadong Ligong Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 37, 182-185. In Chinese 
• Lu R (2012) Color origin of lavender jadeite: an alternative approach. Gems and Gemology 8, 273-283.   
• Barbosa RF, Reichmann F, Cano NF, Rocca RR, Watanabe S (2013) Study of jadeite-​like minerals. Physica Status Solidi C: Current Topics in Solid State Physics (2013), 10(2), 242-245.   
• Liu H, Chen P, Ku Y (2013) Spectroscopy and coloration mechanism of jadeite jade. Guangdong Huagong 40, 247-248. In Chinese.
• Mao J, Chai LT, Guo S, Fan JL, Bao F (2013) Spectra of dark green jade from Myanmar. Guangpuxue yu guangpu fenxi [Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis] 33, 1388-1391.(In Chinese)
  
• Wang D, Mo Z, Li X, Wang H (2013) Study on coloring mechanisms of blue jadeite  Baoshi He Baoshixue Zazhi 15, 14-17.  In Chinese. 
  
• Zhao L, Ma H, Fang C, Ding L, Jia X (2018) Synthesis and characterization of purple NaAlSi₂O₆ jadeite under high pressure and high temperature. Journal of Crystal Growth 499, 30-34. 
  
• Han W, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lu T (2020) Color origins of two types of natural lavender jadeite jades. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 40, 549-555. In Chinese.
• Liu SI, Man KY, Seneewong-Na-Ayutthaya M, Jakkawanvibul C, Lee AT-Y (2024) Geographic Origin Determination of High-quality Green Jadeite-Omphacite Jade (Fei Cui) from Myanmar, Guatemala and Italy Using Statistical Processing Coupled with Spectroscopic and Chemical Analyses. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 124-144.
  

Omphacite              

• Abu-Eid RM (1976) Absorption spectra of transition metal-bearing minerals at high pressures. In: The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. Strens RGJ, ed, J Wiley, New York, p 641-675 
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Electronic absorption spectra of Cr³⁺ ions in natural clinopyroxenes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 261-265. 
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Rock forming pyroxenes: optical spectra, color and pleochroism. Kiev, Naukova Dumka (in Russian)   
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1987) Porodoobrazuyushchie Pirokseny: Opticheskie Spektry, Okraska i Pleokhroizm. (Rock-Forming Pyroxenes: Optical Spectra, Color, and Pleochroism) 216 pp. Publisher: Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
• Koch-Mueller M, Abs-Wurmbach I, Rhede D, Kahlenberg V, Matsyuk S (2007) Dehydration experiments on natural omphacites: qualitative and quantitative characterization by various spectroscopic methods.  Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34, 663-678.      
• Xu S, Chen Q, Li Y, Liu X (2023) Blackish green omphacite jade from Guatemala. Gems & Gemology 59, 395-397,                         

Others

• Ghose S, Kersten M, Langer K, Rossi G, Ungaretti L (1986) Crystal field spectra and Jahn Teller effect of Mn³⁺ in clinopyroxenes and clinoamphioles from India. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13, 291-305.
   

Pigeonite            

• Bell PM, Mao HK (1972) Crystal-field effects of iron and titanium in selected grains of Apollo 12, 14, and 15 rocks, glasses and fine fractions. Proc. Third Lunar Sci Conf, Suppl 3, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1, 545-553.
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1972) Crystal-field studies of lunar samples. Carnegie Inst of Washington Yearbook 71, 480-489.
• Burns RG, Abu-Eid RM, Huggins FE (1972) Crystal field spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Supplement 3, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1, 533-543.  
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1973) Optical absorption studies of the Russian Luna 20 soil. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearbook 72, 656-665.
• Burns RG, Abu-Eid RM, Huggins FE (1972) Crystal field spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proc. third Lunar Sci Conf, Suppl. 3, Geochim Cosmochim Acta. Vol 1, 533-543. The MIT Press.
• Burns RG, Huggins FE, Abu-Eid RM (1972) Polarized absorption spectra of single crystals of lunar pyroxenes and olivines. The Moon 4, 93-102. 
• Burns RG, Vaughn DJ, Abu-Eid RM, Witner M, Morawski A (1973) Spectral evidence for chromium(3+)​, titanium(3+)​, and iron(2+) rather than chromium(2+) and iron(3+) in lunar ferromagnesian silicates. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf., 4th 1, 983-9.
• Cohen AJ (1973) Anisotropy of absorption bands in some lunar, meteorite and terrestrial pyroxenes. The Moon 7, 307-321.       
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Procedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 9th, 2929-2934.

Spodumene

• Stuhlman OJ, Daniel AF (1928) The X-ray phosphorescent and thermophosphorescent radiations of kunzite. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 17, 289–293. 
• Claffy EW (1953) Composition, tenebrescence and luminescence of spodumene minerals. American Mineralogist 38, 919-931. 
• Platonov AN, Tarashchan AN (1973) Optical spectroscopy of vanadium in natural minerals. III. Absorption spectra of vanadium(4+) and vanadium(3+) complexes. Konstitutsiya i Svoistva Mineralov 7, 75-81. In Russian
• Leckebusch R, Recker K (1974) On the color of spodumene from Afghanistan. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Beiheft 51, 83. In German
• Leckebusch R, Recker K, Triche C (1974) Relation between color and luminescence of Afghanistan spodumenes and their chromium, manganese, and iron content. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D: Sciences Naturelles 278, 1541-1544. In French
• Schmitz B, Lehmann B (1975) Color centers of manganese in natural spodumene, LiAlSi₂O₆. Bererichte Bunsengesellschaft fur Physikalische Chemmie 79, 1044-1049.
• Hassan F, Labib M (1978) Induced color centre in alpha-spodumene called kunzite. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 134, 104–115.     
• Cohen AJ, Janezic GG (1983) The crystal-field spectra of the 3d³ ions, Cr³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ in green spodumenes. In: The Significance of Trace Elements in Solving Petrogenetic Problems & Controversies. Theophrastus Pubs. S.A., Athens. 
• Fujii AT, Isotani S (1983) Comparative study of five varieties of spodumene through optical absorption. Report (1983), (IFUSP-P-437), 33 pp. 
• Ito AS; Isotani S (1983) Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in natural, irradiated and heated spodumene. Report (1983), (IFUSP-P-429), 46 pp.
• Taran MN, Platonov AN, Rossovskii LN, Pol'shin EV (1984) Study of the nature of the color of spodumenes. Kristallokhimiya i Spektroskopiya Mineralov, Kiev (1984), 31-48. In Russian
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Electronic absorption spectra of Cr³⁺ ions in natural clinopyroxenes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 261-265.
• Isotani S, Fujii AT, Antonini R, Furtado WW (1988) Optical absorption study of radiation and thermal effects in Brazilian samples of spodumene.Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paoul Publicacoes IFUSP/P-703. 29 pages.
• Isotani S, Fujii AT, Antonini R, Pontuschka WM, Rabbani SR, Furtado WW (1991) Optical absorption study of radiation and thermal effects in Brazilian samples of spodumene. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 63, 127-39.
• Ito AS, Isotani S (1991) Heating effects on the optical absorption spectra of irradiated, natural spodumene. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 116, 307-314.
• Walker G, El Jaer A, Sherlock R, Glynn TJ, Czaja M, Mazurak Z (1997) Luminescence spectroscopy of Cr³⁺ and Mn²⁺ in spodumene (LiAlSi₂O₆). Journal of Luminescence 72–74, 278–280.   
• Isotani S, Watari K, Mizukami A, Bonventi W, Ito AS (2007) UV optical absorption spectra analysis of spodumene crystals from Brazil. Physica B: Condensed Matter (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 391,  322-330.
• Noithong P, Pakkong P, Naemchanthara K (2013) Color change of spodumene gemstone by electron beam irradiation. Advanced Materials Research 770, 370-373.
• Shang-I EL, Bosshart G, Ming-sheng P (2017) Reinvestigation of Causes of Colour in Natural an Irradiated Green Spodumene. The Journal of the Gemmological Association of Hong Kong 38, 79–81.    
• Czaja M, Lisiecki R, Kadziołka-Gaweł M, Winiarski A (2020) Some Complementary Data about the Spectroscopic Properties of Manganese Ions in Spodumene Crystals, Minerals 10, 554. 17 pages.
• Rehman HU, Martens G, Tsai YL, Chankhantha C, Kidkhunthod P, Shen AH (2020) An X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Study on the Oxidation State of Chromophores in Natural Kunzite Samples from Nuristan, Afghanistan. Minerals 10, 463. 11 pages
• Zandi F (2020) Blue spodumene. Gems & Gemmology 57, 423-424.
• Blumentritt F, Fritsch E (2021) Photochromism and Photochromic Gems: A Review and Some New Data (Part 1). The Journal of Gemmology 37,780-800.

Synthetic clinopyroxene analogues

• Taran MN, Ohashi H, Koch-Muller M (2008) Optical spectroscopic study of synthetic NaScSi₂O₆–CaNiSi₂O₆ pyroxenes at normal and high pressures. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35, 117-127. 
• Taran MN, Ohashi H, Langer K, Vishnevsky AA (2010) High-pressure electronic absorption spectroscopy of natural and synthetic Cr³⁺ -bearing clinopyroxenes. Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 32, 14-26.
• Taran MN, Ohashi H, Langer K, Vishnevskyy AA (2011) High-pressure electronic absorption spectroscopy of natural and synthetic Cr³⁺-bearing clinopyroxenes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38, 345-356.
• Taran MN, Ohashi H (2012) Optical absorption spectroscopy study of three synthetic V³⁺-bearing clinopyroxenes. European Journal of Mineralogy 24, 823-239.

Orthopyroxenes

• Burns RG (1966) Origin of optical pleochroism in orthopyroxenes. Mineral Mag 35, 715-719.
• White WB, Keester KL (1966) Optical absorption spectra of iron in the rock-forming silicates. Amer Mineral 51, 774-791.
• Bancroft GM, Burns RG (1967) Interpretation of the electronic spectra of iron in pyroxenes. Amer Mineral 52, 1278-1287.
• Burns RG (1970) Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p70-72; 87-92.  
• Burns RG, Abu-Eid RM, Huggins FE (1972) Crystal field spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Supplement 3, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1, 533-543.   
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1973c) Optical absorption studies of the Russian Luna 20 soil. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearbook 72, 656-665.
• Cohen AJ (1973) Anisotropy of absorption bands in some lunar, meteorite and terrestrial pyroxenes. The Moon 7, 307-321.
• Runciman WA, Sengupta D, Marshall M (1973) The polarized spectra of iron in silicates. I. Enstatite. Amer Mineral 58, 444-450.
• Goldman DS, Rossman GR (1976) Identification of a mid-infrared electronic band of Fe2+ in the distorted M(2) site of orthopyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3. Chem Phys Lett 41, 474-475.
• Goldman DS, Rossman GR (1977) The spectra of iron in orthopyroxene revisited: the splitting of the ground state. Amer Mineral 62, 151-157.
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1977) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proc. 9th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 2919-2934. 
• Langer K, Abu-Eid RM (1977) Measurement of the polarized absorption spectra of synthetic transition metal-bearing silicate microcrystals in the spectral range 44,000-4,000 cm^-1. Phys Chem Minerals 1, 273-299.
• Goldman DS, Rossman GR (1978) Determination of quantitative cation distribution in orthopyroxenes from electronic absorption spectra. Phys Chem Minerals 4, 43-55.
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Systematic variations of pyroxene absorption spectra with composition. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 77, 853-855
• Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Procedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 9th, 2929-2934.
• Goldman DS,Rossman GR (1979) Determination of quantitative cation distribution in orthopyroxenes from electronic absorption spectra. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 4, 43–53. 
• Rossman GR, Shannon RD, Waring RK (1981) Origin of the yellow color of complex nickel oxides. J Solid State Chem 39, 277-287.      
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN, Pol'shin EV, Siroshtan RI, Polovko NI  (1983) Complex study of high-iron orthopyroxenes by the methods of colorimetry, optical and Moessbauer spectroscopy. Edited By Sidorenko AV, Rundkvist DV. Probl. Kristallokhim. Genezisa Miner. (1983), 60-70. In Russian
• Khomenko V M,  Matsyuk SS (1984) Optical absorption spectra of enstatites from "Mir" and "Obnazhennaya" kimberlite pipes.Kristallokhimiya i Spektroskopiya Mineralov, Kiev (1984), 49-58. (In Russian) 
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1984) Optical-spectroscopic parameters of iron(2+) M2 ions as indicators of the composition of orthopyroxenes. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 6, 18-28. In Russian         
• Khomenko V M,  Platonov AN,  Matsyuk SS (1984) Isomorphism of chromium in enstatites of deep-​seated parageneses (according to optical spectroscopy data). Geokhimiya (1984), (6), 842-8. (In Russian)  
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN, Pol'shin EV, Venidiktov VM, Shcherbakov IB (1984) Nature of pleochroism in aluminous orthopyroxenes. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 6, 24-32. In Russian  
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1987) Rockforming pyroxenes: optical absorption spectra, colour and plcochroism. Kiev: Nauk. Dumka Press, 216 p. (in Russian).
• Hiroi T, Takeda H (1992) Crystal-Field Theory Calculations for Fe²⁺ Ions in Bronzite, Augite and Olivine. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19, 229-235.
  
• Cavalli E, Bettinelli M (1993) Optical spectroscopy of Cr³⁺ ions in orthoenstatite MgSiO3. Optical Materials 2, 151-156.
• Taran MN (1993) Optico-Spectroscopic Study of Natural Iron-Containing Olilvine, Ortho- and Clinopyroxenes at 24-300°C. Energy of Stabilization by Crystal Field and Interposition Distribution of Fe²⁺ ions. МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ (Mineralogical Journal) 42-53. (in Russian)
• Langer K, Khomenko VM (1999) The influence of crystal field stabilization energy on Fe²⁺ partitioning in paragenetic minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137, 220-231.
• Matsyuk, S. S. (1999) Optically active centers as indicators of differentiation of the upper mantle primary material. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal  21, 20-38. (In Russian)
• Klima RL, Pieters CM, Dyar MD (2007) Spectroscopy of synthetic Mg-Fe pyroxenes I: Spin-allowed and spin-forbidden crystal field bands in the visible and near-infrared. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42, 235-253.
• Klima RL, Pieters CM, Dyar MD (2007) Characterization of the 1.2 μm M1 pyroxene band: Extracting cooling history from near-IR spectra of pyroxenes and pyroxene-dominated rocks. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 1591-1604.
• Klima RL, Pieters CM,Dyar MD (2008) Characterization of the 1.2 μm M1 pyroxene band: Extracting cooling history from near-IR spectra of pyroxenes and pyroxene-dominated rocks. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 1591–1604.  
• Cloutis EA, Klima RL, Kaletzke L, Coradini A, Golubeva LF, McFadden LA, Shestopalov DI, Vilas F (2010) The 506 nm absorption feature in pyroxene spectra: Nature and implications for spectroscopy-based studies of pyroxene-bearing targets. Icarus 207, 295–313.
• Platonov AN, Khomenko VM, Langer K, Matsyuk SS (2010) Electronic spectroscopy evidence of compensatory replacement ^VIMgI^VSi  -> ^VI(Al,Cr³⁺)^IVAl in mantle enstatites. Mineralogical Journal (Ukranine) 32, 3-9.
• Cathelineau T (2020) Six-rayed star enstatite from Madagascar. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 688-690. 
• Laurs BM, Williams C, Williams B, White J, Rossman GR (2020) Yellowish green enstatite (and star enstatite) from Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 691-693.
• Promwongan S, Pisutha-Arnond V, Atichat W, Leelawathanasuk T, Suphanan C (2022) Inclusions and spectroscopic features of yellowish green enstatite. Gems & Gmology 58, 120-125.

Radiation Centers              

• Rossman GR, Qui Y (1982) Radioactive irradiated spodumene. Gems and Gemology 10, 87-90.                       
• Khomenko VM, Platonov AN (1985) Rock forming pyroxenes: optical spectra, color and pleochroism. Kiev, Naukova Dumka (in Russian)             

Titanian Pyroxenes

• Dowty E, Clark JR (1973) Crystal structure and optical properties of a Ti³⁺ fassaite from the Allende meteorite. Amer Mineral 58:230-242.  
• Dowty E (1978) Absorption optics of low-symmetry crystals - applications to titanian clinopyroxene spectroscopy. Phys Chem Minerals 3:173-181.
• Strens, R. G. J.; Mao, H. K.; Bell, P. M. (1982) Quantitative spectra and optics of some meteoritic and terrestrial titanian clinopyroxenes. Advances in Physical Geochemistry 2, 327-46. 

Lunar Titanian Pyroxenes                 

• Abu-Eid RM (197Yurchenko NG, Taran MM (2018) Optical Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Study of Pyroxenes from Fenitized Rocks of the cHernihivka Carbonatite Masif of the Azov Region. Мінерал. журн. [Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine) 40,53-63.6) Absorption spectra of transition metal-bearing minerals at high pressures. In: The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. Strens RGJ, ed, J Wiley, New York, p 641-675.
• Burns RG, Abu-Eid RM, Huggins FE (1972a) Crystal field spectra of lunar pyroxenes. Proc. Third Lunar Sci Conf, Suppl. 3, Geochim Cosmochim Acta. Vol 1, 533-543. The MIT Press.
• Cohen AJ (1972) Trace ferric ion in lunar and meteoritic titanautites. The Moon 4:141-154.
• Sung CM, Abu-Eid RM, Burns RG (1974) Ti3+/Ti4+ ratios in lunar pyroxenes: implications to depth of origin of mare basalt magma. Proc 5th Lunar Sci Conf, Suppl 5, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1:717-726.
• Burns RG, Parkin KM, Loeffler BM, Leung IS, Abu-Eid RM (1976) Further characterization of spectral features attributable to titanium on the moon. Proc Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th , 2561-2578.                                        

Meteoritic fassaite         

• Burns RG, Huggins FE (1973) Visible-region absorption spectra of a Ti³⁺ fassaite from the Allende meteorite: A discussion. American Mineralogist 58, 955-961. 
• Cohen AJ (1973) Anisotropy of absorption bands in some lunar, meteorite and terrestrial pyroxenes. The Moon 7:307-321.
• Dowty E, Clark JR (1973) Crystal structure and optical properties of a Ti³⁺ fassaite from the Allende meteorite. American Mineralogist 58:230-242.
• Dowty E, Clark JR (1973) Crystal structure and optical properties of a Ti³⁺ fassaite from the Allende meteorite: Reply. American Mineralogist 58:962-964 
• Mao HK, Bell PM (1974) Crystal field effects of trivalent titanium in fassaite from the Pueble de Allende meteorite. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 73:488-492.
• Bell PM, Mao HK (1976) Crystal-field spectra of fassaite from the Angra Dos Reis meteorite. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 75:701-705.
• Mao HK, Bell PM, Virgo D (1977) Crystal-field spectra of fassaite from the Angra Dos Reis meteorite. Earth and Planetary Sci Letters 35, 352-356  
• Rossman GR (1988) Optical Spectroscopy. In: F.C. Hawthorne, ed., Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology. Rev. Mineral 18, 207-254.