Optical Spectra of Quartz  and Silicas

Reviews    

• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quarzkristalle und ihre Farben. Angewandte Chemie 85, 281–289.
• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quartz Crystals and Their Colors. Angewandte Chemie international Edition 12, 283-291
• Rossman GR (1994) Colored varieties of the silica minerals. In Haney PJ (ed). Review in mineralogy and geochemistry, Silica. 29, 433-467.
  

Amethyst    

• Holden EF (1925) The cause of color in smoky quartz and amethyst. American Mineralogist 10, 203-252.
  
• Vedeneeva NE (1940) The nature of the coloring of amethyst. Trav. lab. crist. acad. sci. U.R.S.S. , No. 2, 107-110.  
• Pancharatnam S (1954) On the pleochroism of amethyst quartz and its absorption spectra. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of  Science 40 A, l96-210. 
• Raman CV, Jayraman, A. (1954) The structure of amethyst quartz and the origin of its pleochroism: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of  Science 40, 189-195.    
• O'Brian MCM (1955), The structure of colour centres in smoky quartz. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London) A 231, 404-414. 
• Cohen AJ (1956) Color centers in the alpha-quartz called amethyst. American Mineralogist  874-891.
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1958) The color of idiochromatic minerals. Zapiski Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 87, 129-50. (in Russian)
• Lehman G, Moore WH (1966) Color center in amethyst quartz. Science 152, 1061-1062.
• Cohen AJ, Hassan F (1970) Iron in synthetic quartz: Heat and radiation induced changes. Science 167, 176-177.
• Dennen WH, Puckett AM (1972) On the chemistry and color of amethyst. Canadian Mineralogist 11, 448-456.
• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quartz crystals and their coloirs. Angewandte Chemie 85, 281-289.
• Cohen AJ, Hassan F (1974) Ferrous and ferric ions in synthetic alpha-quartz and natural amethyst. American Mineralogist 59:719-728 
• Hassan F, Cohen AJ (1974) Biaxial color centers in amethyst quartz. American Mineralogist 59, 709-718.
• Lehmann G (1975) On the Color Centers of Iron in Amethyst and Synthetic Quartz: A Discussion. American Mineralogist 60, 335-337.
• Cohen AJ (1975) On the Color Centers of Iron in Amethyst and Synthetic Quartz: A Reply. American Mineralogist 60, 338-339.
• Cox RT (1977) Optical absorption of the d4 ion Fe⁴⁺ in pleochroic amethyst quartz. J Physics, C: Solid State Phys 10, 4631-4643.
• Nassau K (1981) Artificially induced color in amethyst-citrine quartz. Gems & Gemology 17, 37–39.
• Cohen AJ (1985) Amethyst color in quartz, the result of radiation protection involving iron. American Mineralogist 70, 1180-1185.
• Adekeye JID, Cohen AJ (1986) Correlation of Fe⁴⁺ optical anisotropy, Brazil twinning and channels in the basal plane of amethyst quartz. Appied Geochemistry 1, 153-160.  
• Balitsky VS, Balitskay OV (1986) The amethyst-citrine dichromatism in quartz and its origin. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13, 415-421
• Aines RD, Rossman GR (1986) Relationships between radiation damage and trace water in zircon, quartz, and topaz. American Mineralogist 71, 1186-1193.
• Adekeye JID, Cohen AJ (1986) Correlation of Fe4+ optical anisotropy, Brazil twinning and channels in the basal plane of amethyst quartz. Applied Geochem 1, 153-160. 
• Dedushenko SK, Makhina IB, Marin AA, Mukhanov VA, Perfiliev YD (2004) What Oxidation State of Iron Determines the Amethyst Colour? Hyperfine Interactions 156/157,  417–422.
• Schlesinger M, Cohen AJ (2004) Postulated Structures Causing the Optical Color Center Bands in Amethyst Quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 44, 3146-3148. 
• Nunes EHM, Lameiras FS, Houmard M, Vasconcelos WL (2013) Spectroscopic study of natural quartz samples. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 90, 79-86.
• Cheng R, Guo Y (2020) Study on the effect of heat treatment on amethyst color and the cause of coloration.  Scientific Reports 10, 14927.
• Monarumit N, Sakkaravej S, Wantanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C, Wongkokua W (2021) Causes of color in purple- and yellow- quartz. Siam Physics Congress, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1719, 012001.
• Huang H, Chen Q, Liu X, Li Y, Yin Z, Wu Y (2023) Charactteristics of the Colour Zones and Inclusions in Unusual Multicoloured Quartz from Brazil. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 784-794.

Blue

• Wood DL, Ballman AA (1966) Blue synthetic quartz. American Mineralogist 51, 216-220. 
• Pinto LCB, Righi A (2011) Origin of the color in cobalt-doped quartz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38:623–629.
• Seifert W, Rhede D, R. Forster THJ, Lucassen F, Dulski P, Wirth R (2011) Distinctive properties of rock-forming blue quartz: inferences from a multi-analytical study of submicron mineral inclusions. Mineralogical Magazine 75, 2519–2534.

Chalcedony        

• Ignatov SI, Platonov AN (1992) Effect of light scattering on the optical-spectroscopic characteristics of and color parameters of chalcedony. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 14, 23-29 (in Russian).  
• Clark B (2014) Blue chrysocolla chalcedony from Peru. The Journal of Gemmology 34, 9-10.

Chrysoprase     

• Maksimovic Z, Panto Gy, Poharc-Logar V, Logar M (1994) Mineralogy, chemistry and origin of color of chrysoprase and green opal (prasopal) from Glavica nickel deposit, South Serbia. Bulletin - Academie Serbe des Sciences et des Arts, Classe des Sciences Mathematiques et Naturelles: Sciences Naturelles 35, 1-18.    
• Nagase T, Akizuki M, Onoda M, Sato M (1997) Chrysoprase from Warrawanda, Western Australia.  Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1997), 289-300. 
• Sachanbiski M, Janeczek J, Platonov A, Rietmeijer FJM (2001) The orgin of colour of chrysoprase from Szklary (Poland) and Sarykul Boldy (Kazakhstan). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 177, 61-76.
• Čermáková Z, Hradil D, Bezdička1 P, Hradilová J (2017) New data on “kerolite–pimelite” series and the colouring agent of Szklary chrysoprase, Poland. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 44, 93–202. 
• Yiang Y, Guo Y (2021) Genesis and influencing factors of the colour of chrysoprase. Scientific Reports 11, 9939.

Citrine        

• Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI,  Kreiskop VN (1968) Nature of radiation citrine-​staining of quartz. Kristallografiya 13, 727-30. In Russian
• Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Dunin-Barkovskii RL, Lisitsyna EE, Khadzhi VE (1976) On the third type of citrine color of natural quartz. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, 105, 223-227.  In Russian
• Lehmann G (1977) Über die Färbeursachen natürlicher Citrine. Z. Deutsche Gemmologische Gesellschaft 26:53–60
• Maschmeyer D, Niemann K, Hake H, Lehmann G, Rauber A (1980) Two modified smoky quartz centers in natural citrine. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 6, 145-156.
• Aines RD, Rossman GR (1986) Relationships between radiation damage and trace water in zircon, quartz, and topaz. Amer Mineral 71, 1186-1193. 
• Balitsky VS, Balitskay OV (1986) The amethyst-citrine dichromatism in quartz and its origin. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13:415-421.
• Monarumit N, Sakkaravej S, Wantanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C, Wongkokua W (2021) Causes of color in purple- and yellow- quartz. Siam Physics Congress, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1719, 012001.

Opal

•     Moon JS (2022) Colour Origin of Brown Opal in Ethiopia. The Journal of the Gemmological Association of Hong Kong 18, 58-63.
  

• Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983) A trapped-hole center causing rose coloration of natural quart. Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 163, 181-196.
• Balitsky VS, Makhina IB, Prygov VI, Mar’in AA, Emel’chenko AG, Fritsch E, McClure SF, Lu Taijing, DeGhionno D, Koivula JI, Shigley JE (1998)  Russian Synthetic Pink Quartz. Gems & Gemology 34, 34–43.
• Cerin D, Götze J, Pan Y (2017) Radiation-induced damage in quartz at the Arrow uranium deposit, southwestern Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan. Canadian Mineralogist  55, 457–472. 

Rose  

• Wright PM, Weil JA, Buch T, Anderson JH (1963) Titanium colour center in rose quartz. Nature 197, 246-248.
• Lehmann G (1969) Zur Farbe von Rosenquarz. N Jb Mineral Mon 1969:222-225. 
• Dennen WH, Puckett AM (1971) On the Chemistry and Color of Rose Quartz. the Mineralogical Record 226-227.
• Smith G, Vance ER, Hasan Z, Edgar A, Runciman WA (1978) A charge transfer mechanism for the colour of rose quartz. Phys Status Solidi (a) 46:K135-K140.
• Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983) A trapped-hole center causing rose coloration of natural quartz. Zeit Kristallogr 163:181-196.
• Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1984) Differing effects of ionizing radiation in massive and single crystal rose quartz. N Jb Mineral Mh 11:513-521. 
• Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1985) Dynamic biaxial absorption spectra of Ti³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in a natural rose quartz crystal. Mineral Mag 49:709-715.
• Ignatov SI, Platonov AN, Sedenko VS, Taran MN (1990) Rose color of quartz caused by dumortierite microinclusions. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR Seriya B7:23-27 (in Ukranian)
• Goreva JS, Chi M, Rossman GR (2001) Fibrous nanoinclusions in massive rose quartz. The origin of rose coloration. American Mineralogist 86:466-472.
• Ma C, Goreva JS, Rossman GR (2002). Fibrous nanoinclusions in massive rose quartz: HRTEM and AEM investigations. American Mineralogist 87, 269-276.
• Kibar R, Garcia-Guinea J, Cetin A, Selvi S, Karal T, Can N (2007) Luminescent, optical and color properties of natural rose quartz. Radiation Measurements 42, 1610–1617. 
• Barreto SB, Buzzo PL, Souza Neto JA, Morais PAR, Carvalho AB, Khoury KJ (2009) Spectroscopic study of rose quartz from the Taboa Pegmatite (Borborema Province, Brazil) irradiated with high gamma doses. Estudos Geológicos 19 , 52-56.
• Guzzo PL, Barreto SB, Miranda MR, et al. (2017) Gamma-rays and heat-treatment conversions of point defects in massive rose quartz from the Borborema Pegmatite Province, Northeast Brazil. Physics & Chemistry of Minerals, 44: 701-715.
• Hu Z, Guo Y (2018) The Ecological Impact of Mining Rose Quartz with Needle-like Inclusions. Ekoloji 27, 1533-1541. 

 Smoky        

• Vedeneeva NE (1940) Natural and artificial color of smoky quartz. Trav. lab. crist. acad. sci. U.R.S.S., No. 2, 87-106.  
  
• Vedeneeva NE, Chentsova LG (1947) Thermal discoloration of smoky quartz. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 55, 437-40.
• Chentsova LG, Vedeneeva NE (1952) Nature of the color of smoky quartz investigated by thermal bleaching. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 7, 159-190.  
  
• Vedeneeva NE, Rudnitskaya ES (1952) Particularities of the spectrum of smoky quartz as an indication of the structure of its color centers. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 87, 361-364. 
• Cohen AJ (1954) Regularity of the F-​center maxima in fused silica and α-​quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 22, 570.
• Cohen AJ (1955) Color centers in smoky quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 23, 5E9-590.
• Marshall RR (1955) Absorption spectra of smoky quartz from an Arkansas vein deposit and from a Sierran miarolitic granite. American Mineralogist 40, 535-537.  
  
• Cohen AJ (1956) Anisotropic Color Centers in a Quartz. Part 1. Smoky Quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 25, 908-914. 
• Arnold GW (1960) Defects in natural and synthetic quartz. Journal of  Physics Chemical  of Solids 13, 306-320.     
• Partlow EP, Cohen AJ (1986) Optical studies of biaxial Al-related color centers in smoky quartz. Amer Mineral 71, 589-598.
• Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1982) Models for color centers in smoky quartz. Physica Status Solidi (a)73, 593-596.
• Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Kreiskop VN (1970) Smoky color of natural quartz-​morion crystals. Kristallografiya  15, 519-22.  in: Russian.     
• Weeks RA (1970) Paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption in gamma-ray irradiated alpha quartz: The "Al" center. J American Ceramic Society 53:176-179.
• Nassau K, Prescott BE (1975) A reinterpretation of smoky quartz. Phys Stat sol 29:659-663.
• Schirmer OF (1976) Smoky coloration of quartz caused by bound small polaron optical absorption. Solid State Commun 18:1349-1353.
• Nassau K, Prescott BE (1977) Smoky, blue, greenish yellow, and other irradiation-related colors in quartz. Mineralogical Magazine 41, 301-312.
• Koumvakalis N (1980) Defects in crystalline SiO2: Optical absorption of the aluminum-associated hole center. Journal of Applied Physics 51, 5528-5531. 
• Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1982) Models for color cener in smoky quarta. Physica Status Solidi (a) 77, 619-624.
• Weil JA. (1984) Review of Electron Spin Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Study of Paramagnetic Defects in Crystalline Quartz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 10, 149-165.  
• Cohen AJ, Panlow DP (1986) Optical studies of biaxial aluminum related color centers in smoky quartz. American Mineralogist 71, 589-598..
• Halliburton LE (1989) ESR and Optical Characterization of Point Defects in Quartz. Applied Radiation Isotopes 40, 859-863.  
• Itoh N, Stoneham D, Stoneham AM (2002) Ionic and eletronic processes in quartz: Mechanisms of thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence. Journal of Applied Physics 92, 5036-5044.  
• Nuner EHM, Lameiras FS (2005) The optical absorptino of gamma irradiated and heat-treated natural quartz. Materials Research 9, 305-308.
• Fridrichová J, Bacík P, Illášová L, et al. (2016) Raman and optical spectroscopic investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 85: 71-78.
  

Green        

• Platonov AN, Sakhanbinski M, Ignatov SI, Vrublevskii P (1991) Natural prasiolite from the Lower Silesia (Poland). Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR 1991, 112-16. In Russian
• Platonov AN, Sachanbinski M, Wroblewski P, Ignatov SI (1991) Rare varieties of green quartz from quartz-agate geodes of Lower Silesia (Poland). Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal, 13, 10-17. In: Russian.
• Platonov, A.N., Sachanbinski, M., Wrobleski, P. and Ignatov, S.I. (1992) Natural prasiolite from Lower Silesia, Poland, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 41, p. 21–27.
• Hebert, L.B. and Rossman, G.R. (2008) Greenish quartz from the Thunder Bay Amethyst Mine Panorama, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Mineralogist 46, 61–74.
• Henn U, Schultz-Guttler R (2009) Colour-Enhanced Quartz and its Identification: green, violet-blue and yellow-green quartz from Brazil. Canadian Gemmologist 30, 46-54