Optical Spectra of Tourmaline

• Vedeneeva N, Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1936) Spectro-pleochroism, meter and investigation of mineral dichroism. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya A 3, 383-5. (in Russian) 

• Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1948) Rose colour of tourmaline. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 60, 1377-1380 (in Russian).

• Bradley JES, Bradley O (1953) Observations on the colouring of pink and green zoned tourmaline. Mineralogial Magazine 30, 26-38.
• Valyashko EG, Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1953) The color of corundum and methods for its investigation. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR (1953), No. 8, 111-28. (in Russian)  
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1956) The color of tourmalines; their examination in polarized ultraviolet light. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR (1956), (No. 12), 79-84. In Russian 
• Vishnevskii VN, Klimovskaya LK (1958) A simple method for studying absorption spectra of microcrystals Ukrains'kii Fizichnii Zhurnal (Ukrainian Edition) (1958), 3, 239-244.
• Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1958) The color of idiochromatic minerals. Zapiski Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 87, 129-50. (in Russian)   

• Voskresenskaya IE, Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1967) Color of synthetic iron tourmalines. Kristallografiya 12, 363-5. In Russian 
• Bershov LV, Martirosiyan VO, Marfunin AS, Platonov AN, Tarashchan AN (1968) Color centers in lithium tourmaline (elbaite). Crystallography, 13, 730-732. In Russian
• Manning PG (1968): An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochroism in pink and brown tourmalines. Canadian Mineralogist 9, 678-690.
• Faye GH, Manning PB, Nickel EH (1968) The polarized optical absorption spectra of tourmaline, cordierite, chloritoid and vivianite: ferrous-ferric electronic interaction as a source of pleochroism. American Mineralogist 53, 1174-1201.
• Robbins DW, Strens RGJ (1968) Polarization-dependence and Oscillator Strengths of Metal-Metal Charge-transfer Bands in Iron(II,III) Silicate minerals. Chemical Communications (London), 1968, 508-509.
• Bershov LV, Martirosyan VO, Marfunin AD, Platnov AN, Tarashchan AN (1969) Color centers in lithium tourmaline (elbaite). Soviet Physics-Crystallography 13, 629-630.
• Manning PG (1969) Optical absorption spectra of chromium-bearing tourmaline, black tourmaline and buergerite. Canadian Mineralogist 10, 57-70.
• Wilkins RWT, Farrell EF, Naiman CS (1969) The crystal field spectra and dichroism of tourmaline. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 30:43–56.
  

• Marfunin AC, Mkrtchyan AR, Nadzharyan GN, Nyussik YM, Platonov AN (1970) Optical and Mossbauer spectra of iron in tourmalines. Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. 2, 146-150.
• Townsend MG (1970) On the dichroism of tourmaline. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 31, 481–2488.
• Triche C, Leckebush R, Recker K (1973)  Quantitative Nachweise von Ti, V, Cr, Mn und Fe in Turmalinen mittels Spektrochemische Methoden. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 1973, 63-69.
• Manning PG (1973) Effect of second-nearest-neighbour interaction on Mn3+ absorption in pink and black tourmalines. Canadian Mineralogist 11, 971-977. 
• Faye GH, Manning PG, Gosselin JR, Tremblay RJ (1974) The optical absorption spectra of tourmaline: importance of charge-transfer processes. Canadian Mineralogist 12, 370–380. 
• Bakhtin AL, Minko OE, Vinokurov WM (1975) Isomorphism and color of tourmalines. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol 1975, 73-83 (in Russian).
• Nassau K (1975) Gamma ray irradiation induced changes inthe oclor of tourmalines. American Mineralogist 60, 710-713. 
• Platonov AN (1976) Nature of the colour of minerals. Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian)
• Smith G, Strens RGJ (1976) Intervalence-transfer absorption in some silicate, oxide and phosphate minerals. In: Strens RGJ (ed) The physics and chemistry of minerals and rocks, Wiley, New York, pp 538-612. 
• Smith G (1977) Low-temperature optical studies of metal-metal charge-transfer transitions in various minerals. Canadian Mineralogist 15, 500-507. 
• Smith G (1978) Evidence for absorption by exchange-coupled Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺ pairs in the near infra-red spectra of minerals. Phys Chem Minerals 3, 375-383.
• Smith G (1978) A reassessment of the role of iron in the 5000–30000 cm^-1 region of the electronic absorption spectra of tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 3, 343–373

• Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe von V³⁺-haltigen natürlichen Oxiden und Silikaten - ein Beitrag zur Kirstallchemie des Vanadiums. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 144, 73-106. 
• Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1984) Ferric iron in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11, 225–234.
• Platonov AN, Taran MN, Balitsky VS (1984) Nature of gems colour. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
• Schemtzer K, Bank H (1984) Crystal chemistry of tsilaisite (manganese tourmaline) from Zambia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Mh 1984, 61-69.
• Bakhtin AI (1985) Rock-forming silicates, their optical spectra, regularity of colour and typomorphism. Kasan University Press, Kasan (in Russian).
• Henn U, Schramm M (1986) Some observations on brown tourmalines from Elahera, Sri Lanka. Journal of Gemmology 20, 154-.156.
• Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1986) Yellow, manganese-rich elbaite with manganese-titanium intervalence charge transfer. American Mineralogist 71, 599-602.
• Shigley JE, Kane RE, Manson DV (1986) A notable Mn-rich gem elbaite tourmaline and its relationship to tsilaisite. American Mineralogist  71, 1214-1216.
• Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1987) Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14:163–171.
• Reddy L, Jacob AS, Reddy BJ (1987) Optical absorption spectrum of Ti³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in uvite. Indian Gemmologist 1987, 19-21.
• De Camargo MB, Isotani S (1988) Optical absorption spectroscopy of natural and irradiated pink tourmaline. Am erican Mineralogist 73,172–180.
• Camargo MB, Isotani S (1988) Optical absorption spectroscopy of natural and irradiated pink tourmaline. American Mineralogist 73, 172–180.
• Reinitz MI, Rossman GR (1988) Role of natural radiation in tourmaline coloration. American Mineralogist 73, 822–825. 
• Skrinnik-Uralets VA (1989) About chromium containing tourmaline of changing colour. Zap Vsesojuz Mineral Obsch 5:134–135 (in Russian).

• Bank H, Henn U, Bank FH, von Platen H, Hofmeister W (1990)  Leuchtendblau Cu-fūhrende Turmaline aus Paraiba, Brasilien. Z Dt Gemmol Ges 39, 3-11.
  
• Frisch E, Shingley JE, Rossman GR, Mercer ME, Muhlmeister SM, Moon M (1990) Gem-quality cuprian-elbaite tourmalines from Sao Jose da Batalha, Paraiba, Brazil. Gems and Gemmol 26:189–205.
• Henn U, Bank H, Bank FH, von Platen H, Hofmeister W (1990) Transparent bright blue Cu-bearing tourmalines from Paraiba, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine 54, 553-557.
• Petrov I (1990) Role of natural radiation in tourmaline coloration: Discussion. American Mineralogist 75, 237-239.
• Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1990) Optical spectroscopy of synthetic ferriferous tourmalines. Izv Acad Nauk SSSR, Inorganic materials 26, 1025–1030.
• Rossman GR, Fritsch E, Shigley JE (1991) Origin of color in cuprian elbaite from Sao Jos‚ de Batalha, Paraíba, Brazil. Amer Mineral 76, 1479-1484.
• Henn U, Bank H (1991) Unusually dark red tourmaline of the dravite-schorl series. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 1991, 408-412.
• Konovalenko SI, Vakhtin AI, Lopatin ON (1991) The colour nature of coloured and polychromic tourmalines from the miarolic pegmatites in the southwestern Pamir (in Russian). Mineralogichesky Zhurnal 13,54-62.
• Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1990) Optical spectroscopy of synthetic ferriferous tourmalines. Izv Acad Nauk SSSR, Inorganic materials 26, 1025–1030. 
• Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1993) Optical Absorption spectroscopy of synthetic tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20, 209-220.
• Mashkovtsev RI (1995) Optical absorption in synthetic tourmalines containing Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu. Geologiya i Geofizika 36, 122-6. in Russian.   
• Taran MN, Langer K, Platonov AN (1996) Pressure-and temperature-effects on exchange-coupled-pair bands in electronic spectra of some oxygen-based iron-bearing minerals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23, 230-236.
• Taran MN, Langer K (1998) Temperature and pressure dependence of intervalence charge transfer bands in spectra of some Fe- and Fe,Ti-bearing oxhygen-based minerals. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 172, 325-346.
  

• Velickov B, Abs-Wurmbach I, Kahlenberg V (2001) Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in synthetic tourmalines: site occupancies and interactions. Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C.13. 
• Taran MN, Rossman GR (2002) High-temperature, high-pressure optical spectroscopic study of ferric-iron-bearing tourmaline. American Mineralogist  87,  1148-1153.
• Ertl A, Hughes JM, Prowatke S, Rossman GR, London D, Fritz EA (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: Structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist 88, 1369-1376.
• Krambrock K, Pinheiro MVB, Guedes KJ, Medeiros SM, Schweizer S, Spaeth JM (2004) Correlation of irradiation-induced yellow color with the O^- hole center in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31, 168-175.
• Castaneda C, Eeckhout SG, da Costa GM, Botelho NF, de Grave E (2006) Effect of heat treatment on tourmaline from Brazil. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33, 207-216.
• Liu Y, Fry BA (2006) A colorimetric study of a tourmaline from Mozambique which shows a reverse alexandrite effect. Journal of Gemmology 30, 201-206.
• Mashkovtsev RI, Smirnov SZ, Shigley JE (2006) The features of the Cu2+ entry into the structure of tourmaline. Journal of Structural Chemistry 47, 252-257. 
• da Fonseca-Zang WA, Zang JW, Hofmeister W (2008) The Ti-influence on the tourmaine color. Journal Brazilian Chemistry Society 19, 1186-1192.
• Laurs BM, Zwaan JC, Breeding CM, Simmons WB, Beaton D, Rijsdijk KF, Befi R, Falster AU (2008)  Copper-bearing (Paraíba-type) tourmaline from Mozambique. Gems & Gemology 44, 294-320.
• Zhang A, Wang R, Li Y, Hu H, Lu X, Ji J, Zhang H (2008) Tourmalines from the Koktokay No.3 pegmatite, Altai, NWChina: spectroscopic characterization and relationships with the pegmatite evolution. European Journal of Mineralogy 20, 142-154.
• Carneiro GA, Fuchs Y, Rossano S, Horn HA, Linares J (2009) Study of the causes of color in four selected crystals of tourmaline from the pegmatite of Matinha in Divino das Laranjeiras, MG. Estudos Geológicos 19, 83-88.
• Fan J, Feng X, Guo S, Liu X (2009) Optical absorption spectra of tourmaline crystals. Guisuanyan Xuebao  (Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society) 37, 523-530. (in Chinese)
  
• Krambrock K, Guedes KJ, Pinheiro MVB, Xavier RC, Ravares MC, Guimaraes GM, Fantini C, Pimenta MA, Filho LADM (2009) Characterization of colored tourmalines of uvite / dravite series from Arumado district, Bahia, Brazil. Estudos Geológicos 19, 145-149.
• Merkel PB, Breeding CM (2009) Spectral diffenentiation between copper and iron colorants in gem tourmalines. Gems & Gemology 45, 112-119.

• Liu X, Feng X, Fan J, Guo S (2011). Optical absorption spectra of tourmaline crystals from Altay, China. China Optics Letters 9, 083001.
• Ahn Y, Seo J, Park J (2013) Electronic and vibrational spectra of tourmaline – The impact of electron beam irradiation and heat treatment. Vibrational Spectroscopy 65, 165-175.
• Henn U, Schmitz F (2014) Green and Pink Tourmaline from Rwanda. The Journal of Gemmology 34, 344-349.
• Reznitskii L, Clark CM, Hawthorne FC, Grice JD, Skogby H, Halenius U, Bosi F (2014) Chromo-alumino-povondraite, NaCr₃(Al₄Mg₂)(Si₆O18)(BO₃)3(OH)₃O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup. American Mineralogist 99, 1767-1773.
• Bačík P, Fridrichová J, Štubňa J, Antal P (2015) Application of spectroscopic methods in mineralogical and gemmological research of gem tourmalines. Acta geologica Slovaca 7, 1-9.
• Bosi F, Andreozzi GB, Halenius U, Skogby H (2015) Experimental evidence for partial Fe2+  disorder at the Y and Z sites of tourmaline: a combined EMP, SREF, MS, IR and OAS study of schorl. Mineralogical Magazine 79, 515–528,
• Sun L, Yang M, Wu G (2015) Gemmologiical and spectoscopic characteristics of chrome tourmailne appeared on the market recently. Journal of Gems and Gemmology 17, 31-37 (in Chinese).
• Taran MN, Dyar MD, Naumenko IV, Vyshnevsky OA (2015) Spectroscopy of red dravite from northern Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 42, 559–568.
• Kaewtip M, Limtrakun P (2016) Gemological and Chemical Characteristics of Green Tourmaline from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Walailak Journal of Science & Techology 13, 985-992.
• Maneewong A, Pangza K, Jangsawang N, Charoennam T (2016) Effect of Heat Treatment and Electron Beam Irradiation Tourmaline: UV-Visible, EPR, and Mid-IR Spectroscopic Analyses.Walailak Journal of Science & Techology 13, 993-1003.   
• Maneewong A, Seong BS, Shin J, Kim JS, Kajornrith V (2016) Color Change of Tourmaline by Heat Treatment and Electron Beam Irradiation: UV-Visible, EPR, and Mid-IR Spectroscopic Analyses. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 68, 83-92.
• Maneewong A, Seong BS, Shin J, Kim JS, Kajornrith V (2016)  Neutron-diffraction Studies of the Crystal Structure and the Color Enhancement in γ-irradiated Tourmaline. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 68, 329-339. 
• Rossman GR, Ma C, Laulrs BM (2016) Yellow dravite from Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 35, 190-192. 
• Taran MN, Naumenko IV (2016) Usambara effect in tourmaline: optical spectroscopy and colourimetric studies. Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 705-717.
• Rossman GR (2017) Coloration of green dravite from the Commander Mine, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 35, 574-575. 
• Bunnag N, Sripoonjan T (2019) Gamma Irradiation on Rubellite Tourmaline. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 46, 1249-1255.
• Liao Q-j, Huang W-z, Zhang Q, Pei J-c (2019) Gemological and Spectral Characterization of Brownish Yellow Tourmaline from Mozambique. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 39: 3844 (in Chinese)
  
• Phichaikamjornwut B, Pongkrapan S, Intarasiri S, Bootkul D (2019) Conclusive comparison of gamma irradiation and heat treatment for color enhancement of Rubellite from Mozambique. Vibrational Spectroscopy 103, 102926.
• Schwarzinger C, Wildner M, Ulatowski S, Sawyer M (2019) Vanadium-bearing tourmaline from the Commander Mine, Nadonjukin, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 534-543.

• Bruce-Lockhart S, Vertriest W (2020)  Portrait of a Paraiba rough: Challenging gems in hard times. Gems & Gemology 56, 308-309.
• Kurtz DA, Rossman GR, Hunter BM (2020) The nature of the Mn(III) color centers in elbaite tourmaines. Inorganic Chemistry 59, 9618-9626. 
• Schwarzinger C, Wildner M, Ulatowski S, Sawyer M (2020) Vanadium-bearing Tourmaline from the Commander Mine, Nadonjukin, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 534–543.  
• Suwanmanee W, Wanthanachaisaeng B, Utapong T, Sutthirat C (2021) Colour Enhancement of Pink Tourmaline from Nigeria by Electron-Beam and Gamma Irradiation. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 514-526.
• Nasdala L, Wildner M, Giester G, Chanmung CN, Scicchitano MR, Hauzenberger C (2021) Blue Dravite ('Indicolite') from the Elahera Gem Field, Sri Lanka. The Journal of Gemmology 37,618-630.
• Yue SW, Yan XX, Lin JQ, Wang PL, Liu JF (2021) Spectroscopic Characteristics and Coloring Mechanism of Brown Tourmaline Under Heating Treatment. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 41: 2524. 
  
• Bosi F, Biagioni C, Pezzotta F, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Cempirek J, Hawthorne FC, Lussier AJ, Abdu YA, Day MC, Fayek M, Clark CM, Grice JD, Henry DJ (2022) Uvite, CaMg₃(Al₅Mg)Si₆O₁₈(BO₃)₃(OH)₃OH. a new, but long-anticipated mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup from San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy. Mineralogical Magazine 86, 767-776. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2022.54
• Bosi F, Skogby H, Halenius U, Ciriotti ME, Mills SJ (2022) Lowering R3m Symmetry in Mg-Fe-Tourmalines: The Crystal Structures of Triclinic Schorl and Oxy-Dravite, and the Mineral luinaite-(OH) Discredited. Minerals 12, 430.  
• Cámara F, Bosi F, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Celata B, Ciriotti ME (2022) Schorl-1A from Langesundsfjord (Norway). Journal of Geosciences 67, 129-139. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.344
• Krzemnicki RMS, Wang HAO (2022) Paraiba or not? Cu-bearing Tourmaline with a Distinct Fe Concentration. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 20-22.
• Li M (2022) Spectroscopic Characteristics and Color Origin of Red Tourmaline from Brazil. Journal of Spectroscopy 2022, 1769710. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1769710
  
• Mauro D, Biagioni C, Hålenius U, Skogby H, Dottorini V, Bosi F (2022) Nickel- and Fe³⁺-rich oxy-dravite from the Artana Mn prospect, Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Geosciences 67, 141-150. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.346
• Altieri A, Luppi R, Skobby H, Hålenius U, Tempesta G, Pezzotta F, Bosi F (2023) Thermal treatment of the tourmaline Fe‑rich princivalleite Na(Mn₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃O. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 50:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-023-01250-9
  
• Li M, Hong HL (2023) Gemological and Spectrographic Characteristics of Light-Green Tourmaline of Afghanistan. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 43, 2195-2201. (in Chinese)
• Notari F, Blumentritt F, Srinaka Y, Saenkuntha N (2023)  Une Remarquable Tourmaline Elbaïte non Cuprifère. Gemmes, 42-45. https://tinyurl.com/bdeswbz6 (in French)
• Altieri A, Pezzotta F, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Bosi F (2024) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator highlighted in a multicoloured crystal from the gem deposit of Mavuco, Alto Ligoña pegmatite district, NE Mozambique. Mineralogical Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2024.42